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| CP | 1985 | 1984 | 1983 | 1982 | |||
| 1. | Juventus FC | Ita | 1904 | 217 | 194 | 199 | 56 |
| 2. | Liverpool FC | Eng | 1830 | 221 | 221 | 88 | 107 |
| 3. | RSC Anderlecht | Bel | 1511 | 94 | 185 | 212 | 156 |
| 4. | Tottenham Hotspur FC | Eng | 1454 | 133 | 215 | 62 | 153 |
| 5. | Real Madrid CF | Esp | 1349 | 203 | 20 | 184 | 109 |
| 6. | AS Roma | Ita | 1283 | 99 | 207 | 106 | 54 |
| 7. | FC Bayern München | FRG | 1221 | 143 | 72 | 113 | 207 |
| 8. | SK Rapid Wien | Aut | 1147 | 173 | 98 | 47 | 67 |
| 9. | Hamburger SV | FRG | 1124 | 101 | 34 | 226 | 166 |
| 10. | FC Internazionale | Ita | 1073 | 157 | 66 | 103 | 41 |
| 11. | Dundee United FC | Sco | 1071 | 77 | 147 | 104 | 114 |
| 12. | SL Benfica | Por | 1028 | 74 | 94 | 194 | 62 |
| 13. | Aberdeen FC | Sco | 1019 | 34 | 131 | 200 | 90 |
| 14. | FK Austria Wien | Aut | 1008 | 102 | 107 | 118 | 43 |
| 15. | FC Spartak Moskva | Urs | 942 | 85 | 122 | 90 | 56 |
| 16. | Manchester United FC | Eng | 929 | 112 | 143 | 26 | 0 |
| 17. | FC Porto | Por | 854 | 21 | 189 | 54 | 95 |
| 18. | FC Barcelona | Esp | 837 | 20 | 112 | 108 | 205 |
| 19. | FC Girondins de Bordeaux | Fra | 819 | 143 | 12 | 81 | 49 |
| 20. | FC Dinamo București | Rom | 796 | 50 | 138 | 60 | 62 |
| 21. | 1. FC Köln | FRG | 794 | 116 | 56 | 81 | 0 |
| 22. | Everton FC | Eng | 780 | 195 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 23. | FC Bohemians Praha | Tch | 753 | 71 | 55 | 142 | 20 |
| 24. | CS Universitatea Craiova | Rom | 722 | 69 | 26 | 142 | 84 |
| 25. | AC Sparta Praha | Tch | 708 | 84 | 120 | 0 | 12 |
| 26. | FC Dinamo Minsk | Urs | 686 | 101 | 94 | 0 | 0 |
| 27. | Berliner FC Dynamo | GDR | 683 | 66 | 90 | 33 | 83 |
| 28. | HNK Hajduk Split | Yug | 660 | 14 | 144 | 44 | 84 |
| 29. | R. Standard de Liège | Bel | 653 | 41 | 60 | 54 | 201 |
| 30. | Videoton FC ('Fehérvár) | Hun | 631 | 155 | 0 | 0 | 11 |
| 31. | IFK Göteborg | Swe | 630 | 81 | 27 | 18 | 189 |
| 32. | SRTS Widzew Łódź | Pol | 629 | 65 | 36 | 122 | 17 |
| 33. | Celtic FC (Glasgow) | Sco | 623 | 59 | 78 | 63 | 27 |
| 34. | Sporting CP (Lisboa) | Por | 613 | 50 | 49 | 101 | 64 |
| 35. | PFC CSKA Sofia | Bul | 586 | 44 | 46 | 67 | 138 |
| 36. | Aston Villa FC | Eng | 545 | 0 | 54 | 90 | 203 |
| 37. | 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig | GDR | 528 | 42 | 79 | 14 | 95 |
| 38. | FC Dinamo Moskva | Urs | 522 | 124 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| 39. | Nottingham Forest FC | Eng | 515 | 20 | 145 | 0 | 0 |
| 40. | Paris Saint-Germain FC | Fra | 511 | 38 | 63 | 85 | 0 |
| 41. | Panathinaikos FC (Athens) | Gre | 481 | 106 | 0 | 21 | 15 |
| 42. | FK Željezničar Sarajevo | Yug | 480 | 120 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 43. | Rangers FC (Glasgow) | Sco | 474 | 41 | 61 | 52 | 23 |
| 44. | 1. FC Kaiserslautern | FRG | 458 | 0 | 21 | 121 | 153 |
| 45. | Olympiacos FC (Piraeus) | Gre | 455 | 40 | 62 | 44 | 21 |
| 46. | Servette FC (Genève) | Sui | 440 | 43 | 46 | 65 | 0 |
| 47. | KSK Beveren | Bel | 430 | 55 | 54 | 0 | 48 |
| 48. | SG Dynamo Dresden | GDR | 428 | 84 | 0 | 18 | 56 |
| 49. | PSV (Eindhoven) | Ned | 416 | 48 | 47 | 22 | 39 |
| 50. | SV Werder Bremen | FRG | 415 | 33 | 45 | 74 | 0 |
| 51. | Újpesti Dózsa SC | Hun | 403 | 0 | 95 | 59 | 0 |
| 52. | Levski-Spartak Sofia | Bul | 393 | 56 | 45 | 10 | 14 |
| 53. | FK Crvena Zvezda Beograd | Yug | 392 | 32 | 14 | 63 | 96 |
| 54. | FK Partizan Beograd | Yug | 381 | 54 | 55 | 0 | 0 |
| 55. | Grasshopper Club Zürich | Sui | 364 | 50 | 22 | 20 | 58 |
| 56. | Valencia CF | Esp | 349 | 0 | 0 | 122 | 105 |
| 57. | FC Dynamo Kyiv | Urs | 345 | 0 | 18 | 104 | 83 |
| 58. | FK Radnički Niš | Yug | 337 | 0 | 67 | 0 | 136 |
| 59. | AE Larissa | Gre | 327 | 72 | 13 | 0 | 0 |
| 60. | FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk | Urs | 324 | 81 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 61. | Athletic Club (Bilbao) | Esp | 309 | 25 | 59 | 16 | 0 |
| 62. | FC Baník Ostrava | Tch | 307 | 0 | 48 | 51 | 61 |
| 63. | AFC Ajax (Amsterdam) | Ned | 301 | 45 | 19 | 24 | 16 |
| 64. | Real Sociedad | Esp | 295 | 0 | 0 | 134 | 27 |
| 65. | Feyenoord (Rotterdam) | Ned | 290 | 18 | 47 | 0 | 77 |
| 66. | FC Shakhtar Donetsk | Urs | 279 | 0 | 93 | 0 | 0 |
| 67. | SK Sturm Graz | Aut | 272 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 32 |
| 68. | FK Inter Bratislava | Tch | 266 | 38 | 38 | 0 | 0 |
| 69. | Dukla Praha | Tch | 251 | 14 | 30 | 23 | 59 |
| 70. | Borussia Mönchengladbach | FRG | 245 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 45 |
| 71. | PAOK FC (Thessaloniki) | Gre | 244 | 0 | 47 | 36 | 31 |
| 72. | Fortuna Sittard | Ned | 236 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 73. | THOR Waterschei | Bel | 236 | 0 | 0 | 118 | 0 |
| 74. | Club Brugge KV | Bel | 234 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| 75. | Trakia Plovdiv | Bul | 229 | 51 | 0 | 0 | 25 |
| 76. | Rába ETO FC Györ | Hun | 227 | 18 | 35 | 25 | 0 |
| 77. | FC Haka (Valkeakoski) | Fin | 224 | 0 | 73 | 0 | 5 |
| 78. | Sevilla FC | Esp | 224 | 0 | 24 | 76 | 0 |
| 79. | KKS Lech Poznán | Pol | 223 | 19 | 21 | 42 | 0 |
| 80. | ACF Fiorentina | Ita | 218 | 44 | 0 | 21 | 0 |
| 81. | RC Lens | Fra | 216 | 0 | 72 | 0 | 0 |
| 82. | Lyngby BK | Den | 210 | 47 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| 83. | Wrexham FC | Wal | 204 | 51 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 84. | Linfield FC | Nir | 201 | 31 | 15 | 13 | 6 |
| 85. | FC Metz | Fra | 200 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 86. | Watford FC | Eng | 195 | 0 | 65 | 0 | 0 |
| Sparta Rotterdam | Ned | 195 | 0 | 65 | 0 | 0 | |
| 88. | AC Omonia (Nicosia) | Cyp | 194 | 21 | 24 | 12 | 14 |
| 89. | Malmö FF | Swe | 193 | 22 | 22 | 0 | 39 |
| 90. | FC Carl Zeiss Jena | GDR | 193 | 0 | 36 | 18 | 49 |
| 91. | FC Sion | Sui | 190 | 42 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| 92. | VfB Stuttgart | FRG | 186 | 27 | 19 | 0 | 21 |
| 93. | Budapest Honvéd FC | Hun | 186 | 21 | 34 | 0 | 0 |
| 94. | KAA Gent | Bel | 183 | 27 | 15 | 15 | 0 |
| 95. | Glentoran FC | Nir | 182 | 16 | 17 | 13 | 41 |
| 96. | Swansea City AFC | Wal | 182 | 0 | 18 | 56 | 16 |
| 97. | NK Rijeka | Yug | 180 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 98. | FC Dinamo Tbilisi | Urs | 177 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 131 |
| 99. | Queen's Park Rangers FC | Eng | 176 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 100. | FC Zürich | Sui | 173 | 0 | 11 | 56 | 28 |
| 101. | AZ'67 (Alkmaar) | Ned | 172 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 62 |
| 102. | Wisła Kraków SA | Pol | 171 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 11 |
| 103. | Neuchâtel Xamax FCS | Sui | 171 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 103 |
| 104. | Southampton FC | Eng | 167 | 24 | 0 | 17 | 37 |
| 105. | Vorwärts Frankfurt/Oder | GDR | 165 | 19 | 15 | 22 | 0 |
| 106. | Trabzonspor AŞ | Tur | 161 | 17 | 18 | 10 | 19 |
| 107. | KSC Lokeren OV | Bel | 160 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 86 |
| 108. | AS Monaco FC | Fra | 152 | 20 | 0 | 27 | 18 |
| 109. | 1. FC Magdeburg | GDR | 151 | 0 | 41 | 0 | 28 |
| 110. | Linzer ASK | Aut | 144 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 111. | Royal Antwerp FC | Bel | 141 | 0 | 47 | 0 | 0 |
| 112. | Ferencvárosi TC | Hun | 141 | 0 | 12 | 41 | 23 |
| 113. | FK Sarajevo | Yug | 140 | 0 | 0 | 70 | 0 |
| 114. | SSW Innsbruck | Aut | 139 | 19 | 21 | 0 | 0 |
| 115. | GNK Dinamo Zagreb | Yug | 139 | 0 | 31 | 23 | 0 |
| 116. | FC Groningen | Ned | 138 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 |
| Stade Lavallois MFC | Fra | 138 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 | |
| 118. | Real Betis Balompié | Esp | 136 | 24 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| 119. | HJK Helsinki | Fin | 133 | 8 | 9 | 37 | 0 |
| 120. | Hellas Verona FC | Ita | 132 | 0 | 44 | 0 | 0 |
| 121. | FC Sportul Studențesc | Rom | 124 | 22 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
| 122. | Shamrock Rovers FC | Irl | 124 | 15 | 0 | 32 | 0 |
| 123. | FC Steaua București | Rom | 120 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 124. | Club Atlético de Madrid | Esp | 119 | 13 | 16 | 0 | 19 |
| 125. | FC Kuusysi (Lahti) | Fin | 118 | 17 | 10 | 10 | 0 |
| 126. | Ħamrun Spartans FC | Mlt | 117 | 24 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| 127. | SSC Napoli | Ita | 117 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 21 |
| 128. | ÍA (Akranes) | Isl | 115 | 13 | 21 | 0 | 0 |
| 129. | NEC (Nijmegen) | Ned | 114 | 0 | 38 | 0 | 0 |
| 130. | Vålerenga (Oslo) | Nor | 112 | 18 | 0 | 15 | 10 |
| 131. | Hammarby IF FF | Swe | 108 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 0 |
| 132. | Viking FK (Stavanger) | Nor | 108 | 0 | 12 | 36 | 0 |
| 133. | AS Saint-Etienne | Fra | 102 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 22 |
| 134. | AGF Aarhus | Den | 98 | 17 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| 135. | Beşiktaş JK (Istanbul) | Tur | 98 | 15 | 0 | 19 | 0 |
| 136. | JSK-Spartak Varna | Bul | 96 | 0 | 32 | 0 | 0 |
| 137. | Östers IF (Växjö) | Swe | 95 | 11 | 0 | 18 | 15 |
| 138. | FC Nantes | Fra | 90 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 21 |
| 139. | SC Braga | Por | 84 | 15 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| 140. | IFK Norrköping | Swe | 84 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 0 |
| 141. | Dundalk FC | Irl | 83 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 43 |
| 142. | Eintracht Frankfurt | FRG | 81 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 81 |
| 143. | AEK Athens FC | Gre | 80 | 0 | 20 | 10 | 0 |
| 144. | Arsenal FC | Eng | 79 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 47 |
| 145. | Odense BK | Den | 76 | 10 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
| 146. | KP Legia Warszawa | Pol | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 75 |
| 147. | University College Dublin | Irl | 72 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| AIK Solna | Swe | 72 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 149. | Fenerbahçe SK (Istanbul) | Tur | 71 | 11 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
| 150. | KB (København) | Den | 70 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 34 |
| 151. | FC Torpedo Moskva | Urs | 70 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 0 |
| SBV Haarlem | Ned | 70 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 0 | |
| 153. | ÍBV (Vestmannaeyjar) | Isl | 69 | 6 | 11 | 6 | 0 |
| 154. | Bohemian FC (Dublin) | Irl | 68 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| AJ Auxerre | Fra | 68 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 156. | Apollon Limassol FC | Cyp | 68 | 10 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
| 157. | Lillestrøm SK | Nor | 66 | 12 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| 158. | 17 Nëntori (Tirana) | Alb | 66 | 0 | 12 | 15 | 0 |
| 159. | Galatasaray SK (Istanbul) | Tur | 66 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 0 |
| B 93 (København) | Den | 66 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 0 | |
| 161. | MKS Pogoń Szczecin | Pol | 64 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 162. | FC Corvinul Hunedoara | Rom | 64 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 0 |
| 163. | Ipswich Town FC | Eng | 64 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 20 |
| 164. | IF Elfsborg (Borås) | Swe | 63 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 |
| 165. | Víkingur Reykjavík | Isl | 63 | 0 | 9 | 16 | 4 |
| 166. | Bryne IL | Nor | 62 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 14 |
| 167. | Vitória SC (Guimarães) | Por | 60 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
| 168. | FC Utrecht | Ned | 60 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 26 |
| 169. | Real Valladolid | Esp | 56 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Heart of Midlothian FC | Sco | 56 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 171. | WKS Slask Wrocław | Pol | 56 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 0 |
| 172. | FK Dinamo Tirana | Alb | 56 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 14 |
| 173. | Tatabánya Bányász SC | Hun | 56 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 26 |
| 174. | Limerick City FC | Irl | 55 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 11 |
| 175. | SKA Rostov-na-Donu | Urs | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 53 |
| KFC Winterslag | Bel | 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 53 | |
| 177. | Moss FK | Nor | 52 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 178. | Athlone Town FC | Irl | 52 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 16 |
| 179. | SEC Bastia | Fra | 51 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 51 |
| 180. | ŠK Slovan Bratislava | Tch | 50 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
| IK Brage (Borlänge) | Swe | 50 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 | |
| 182. | FK Velež Mostar | Yug | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 |
| 183. | Boavista FC | Por | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 49 |
| 184. | FC Ilves (Tampere) | Fin | 48 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| FC Sliven | Bul | 48 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| FK Dukla Banská Bystrica | Tch | 48 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 187. | FC Avenir Beggen | Lux | 48 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 0 |
| 188. | FA Red Boys Differdange | Lux | 47 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| 189. | Valletta FC | Mlt | 46 | 7 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| 190. | St. Mirren FC | Sco | 45 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 |
| 191. | Siófoki Bányász SE | Hun | 44 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 192. | Vasas FC (Budapest) | Hun | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 |
| 193. | FKS Stal Mielec | Pol | 42 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0 |
| 194. | APOEL FC (Nicosia) | Cyp | 40 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| 195. | Grazer AK | Aut | 40 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 22 |
| 196. | Ballymena United FC | Nir | 38 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 197. | Enosis Neon Paralimni FC | Cyp | 38 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 11 |
| 198. | Aris FC (Thessaloniki) | Gre | 38 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 |
| 199. | Rabat Ajax FC | Mlt | 37 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 200. | SK Brann (Bergen) | Nor | 36 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
| 201. | FC Baia Mare | Rom | 36 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 |
| Borussia Dortmund | FRG | 36 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | |
| 203. | ACSC FC Argeș Pitești | Rom | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 |
| 204. | Coleraine FC | Nir | 35 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 0 |
| 205. | Lausanne-Sports | Sui | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35 |
| 206. | FC Sochaux-Montbéliard | Fra | 34 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 |
| Hvidovre IF | Den | 34 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 | |
| 208. | Mersin Idmanyurdu SK | Tur | 33 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 |
| FC St. Gallen | Sui | 33 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | |
| 210. | PFC Slavia Sofia | Bul | 32 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 |
| FC Lokomotiv 1929 Sofia | Bul | 32 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | |
| 212. | B 1903 (København) | Den | 30 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| Lechia Gdańsk | Pol | 30 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | |
| 214. | AS Jeunesse Esch | Lux | 29 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 8 |
| 215. | US Luxembourg | Lux | 28 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 216. | Pezoporikos (Larnaca) | Cyp | 26 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| 217. | Drogheda United FC | Irl | 24 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv | Bul | 24 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |
| 219. | Anorthosis Famagusta FC | Cyp | 21 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| 220. | Hibernians FC (Paola) | Mlt | 21 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 9 |
| 221. | Vejle BK | Den | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 |
| 222. | FC Progrès Niederkorn | Lux | 19 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 5 |
| 223. | West Bromwich Albion FC | Eng | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 |
| 224. | Kalmar FF | Swe | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 |
| FK Partizani (Tirana) | Alb | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | |
| GKS Szombierki Bytom | Pol | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | |
| 227. | PFC Akademik Sofia | Bul | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
| 228. | KR Reykjavík | Isl | 16 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 229. | IK Start (Kristiansand) | Nor | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 |
| 230. | FC Aris Bonnevoie | Lux | 15 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Sligo Rovers FC | Irl | 15 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
| B 1901 (Nykøbing) | Den | 15 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
| 233. | Fram Reykjavík | Isl | 15 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 |
| 234. | Næstved IF | Den | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 |
| CSKA Moskva | Urs | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | |
| 236. | Koparit Kuopio | Fin | 14 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| 237. | FC Politehnica Timișoara | Rom | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| Zenit Leningrad | Urs | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | |
| 239. | KS Labinoti (Elbasan) | Alb | 12 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 240. | FC Admira/Wacker (Wien) | Aut | 12 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| 241. | Sliema Wanderers FC | Mlt | 12 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 242. | Żurrieq FC | Mlt | 10 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| 243. | OPS (Oulu) | Fin | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 244. | Floriana FC | Mlt | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| Valur Reykjavík | Isl | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | |
| Adanaspor | Tur | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | |
| KTP (Kotka) | Fin | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | |
| 248. | MKE Ankaragücü | Tur | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
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Prepared and maintained by Jérôme Faugeras for the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
Author: Jérôme Faugeras
Last updated: 2 August 2025
(C) Copyright Jérôme Faugeras and RSSSF 2016-2025
You are free to copy this document in whole or part provided that proper
acknowledgement is given to the author. All rights reserved.